Analysis of Philip Larkin’s Modesty

Do not over-brooder things – Are too shy. Thoughts that shuffle round Like pence Through each reign, Wear down to their simplest sense Yet remain. Weeds are not supposed to grow But by degrees Some achieve a flower, although No one sees. This is apparently a humble poem. The content and the form are both about the same thing regarding simplicity or, as the title denotes, modesty.It does not express very complex ideas even though they can be considered as important ones. The lines vary in length giving the poem a bounce, like some kind of internal discussion where the speaker argues with himself drawing a rhythm or pattern that, even inorganic in principle, with assonance rhyming and more or less fixed number of syllables, it is constructed in a way that finally matches the static tone of a modest prayer, where the speaker emphasizes the main ideas providing them as some kind of chorus.The poem partially exposes the manifesto of this generation of poets, with their rejection o romanticism or excess in general in poetry, trying to achieve a more real and closer poetry not full of symbolism conveyed by obscure words and expressions and intricate emotions. In this way, the poem in the first stanza states how these plain or more simple words and ideas are truer, they ‘do not lie', they ‘are too shy to do so, and, therefore, in this sense more genuine maybe, not covered with the mud of complexity, speaking openly the mind of the poet. The second stanza expands this concept of truth.No matter how far you shuffle your own thoughts or for how long, earning them away, wearing them down', eventually they ‘remain', In your mind, or, even better, they are purified by getting to a level of ultimate simplicity. The final stanza uses the metaphor of weeds becoming flowers, something quite Improbable In principle, but that linked to the process described In the previous stanza gets to convey an Idea of change In quality. Stoically, modesty ‘by deg ree' turns Into beauty, and here we face the aesthetic level of truth. A final state that can be witnessed, but Just as a result, not as a process.No-one sees how the flower becomes a flower, yet It Is there. Analysis of Philip Larrikin Modesty By lexical Thoughts that shuffle round like pence wearing them away, Wearing them down', eventually they ‘remain', in your mind, or, stanza uses the metaphor of weeds becoming flowers, something quite improbable in principle, but that linked to the process described in the previous stanza gets to convey an idea of change in quality. Simplicity, modesty ‘by degree' turns into beauty, just as a result, not as a process. No-one sees how the flower becomes a flower, yet it is there.

Wind Technology Case Study

Situation: Company 1. New company (10 years), small compared to competitors 2. Cash flow problems 3. Produces wind-profiling radar systems for weather forecasting and wind detection 4. 9-12 months to improve cash flow Strengths 1. Adherence to specifications and quality production 2. Technical expertise provides full system integration—customers can order either basic components or a full system 3. Meteorologists and atmospheric scientists provide the customer with sophisticated support 4. All resources had been devoted to wind-profiling 5. Government contracts—account for 90 percent of sales Weaknesses . Poor cash flow 2. Lack of a well-developed marketing department 3. No salespersons—management and engineers call customers 4. No production capabilities to compete in high-volume, low-voltage segment 5. No resources and technical expertise to compete in high-output segment Opportunities 1. Wind Technology develops almost all of its major component parts and soft ware, versus competitors who depends on a variety of manufacturers. 2. HOWEVER, the development of the power supply has been problematic, SO Wind Technology needs to develop power supply instead of purchasing an HVPS from outside supplier 3.HVPS has greatest potential for commercial success Threats 1. Vaitra is unwilling to place additional money into Wind Technology 2. 9-12 months to implement new strategy and improve cash flow Product Sell component parts, specifically the high-voltage power supply (HVPS) 1. Small, with low level of output (less than 3kV) a. Communications 2. Medium (between 3 and 10 kV) b. Radars and lasers 3. Large (greater than 10 kV) c. High-powered X rays and plasma-etching systems Market Total market potential is estimated at $237 millionWind Technology’s estimated market share is 0. 5 percent, or $1. 185 million Finances Margin: 30 percent (production=70 percent of selling price) or $355,500 Variable/Fixed Costs: Unknown Promotion Budget: 10 percent or $118,500 Contribution Margin: $237,000 Competition Unysis—the only key player in the wind profiling market Customers Research labs, large end-users, OEMs, and distributers Government: Research, NASA, state colleges, Department of Defense Problem: The market for wind profiling radar systems has been developing at a much lower rate than anticipated. Options: 1.Enter HVPS market, or ride out the two years (cutting costs) that the company had estimated it would take until the wind-profiling market achieved high growth levels? 2. If entering HVPS market, establish target segment 3. If entering HVPS market, develop a marketing and promotion plan Scenario 1: Enter HVPS market 1. The product provides a differential advantage, superior quality, is innovative, reliable, customizable, and technologically advanced 2. Provides an additional +/- $237,000 in contribution margin per every 0. 5 percent of market share is achieved. 3.HVPS could be produced with very little added fixed costs & production would cost 70 percent of selling price. Scenario 2: Do not enter HVPS market 1. Young company in a mature industry 2. Severe cash flow problems make it difficult to produce, market, and hold inventory 3. Development of power supply will remain a problem 4. Difficult to cut costs when Wind Technologies already does not have a sales force or marketing department 5. Realistically only have 9-12 months before the company goes under Establishing target segment—Recommendations: 1. Microwave—highest market growth and strength 2.Radar—2nd highest growth and attractiveness, 3rd highest market share and strength 3. Semiconductors—highest attractiveness, 2nd highest market share Promotion Plan: 1. Collateral Material a. 5,000 pieces * $5. 50 each = $27,500 2. Public Relations b. Cost to write and mail to editors = $500 c. Are there hidden costs, such as publishing? d. How many people actually subscribe to wind technology trade magazines (Exhibit 3 = 35 0,538 in circulation) e. Of the 350,000 in circulation, if 1% of subscribers actually read the PR= 3,500 reached 3. Direct Mail f. More effective than PR, because recipients have the material in heir hands versus skipping over the page in a magazine. g. Buying list of prospects = $5,000 h. Are there lists available online? (Perhaps today, but not in 1991 at the time of the case) i. $7,500 per 1,500 mailed j. @ 3,000 mailed (universities, government) = $20,000 cost 4. Trade Shows k. $50,000 in costs + $50,000 for 5 staff members to attend l. Reach has to be significantly less than PR and direct mail because of geographical constraints—limited to the number of interested people near trade show—maybe 1,000-2,000 people attend trade show, and only 25% stop and look at your product m.Benefit—Get to see physical product and talk to experts n. Benefit—People who attend the trade show are probably looking to purchase (50% are hobbyists, 25% looking to buy, 25% no t interested at all—tag alongs) i. 250 people see your product, +/- 50 are interested o. Potential to cut costs—why does it cost $10,000 per person to attend? Send current employees for +/- $3,500 per person (airfare, hotel, food). 5. Trade Journals p. Design News presents the best value, at just $0. 05 per page in circulation, it has a reach of 170,033 readers at a cost of $8,120 6. Personal Selling q.Telemarketing ii. Salary for employee would be $50,000 iii. 90 calls per day * 250 days = 22,500 per year, assume 75% are hang-ups = 5,625 actually talk on the phone, 5% are interested = approximately 250 r. Field Sales iv. Would provide most incremental revenue v. Most costly vi. $80,000 vii. However, this person can serve dual roles, also attending trade shows, responding to customer service issues, etc. Final Recommendation: Kevin, from Wind Technology, acknowledges that it would be risky to proceed with the HVPS spin-off, but not doing something to improve the firmâ €™s cash flow was equally risky.Therefore, I would support neither decision, but instead go to the root of the problem which is Vaitra’s decision to cut funding for Wind Technology. Kevin needs to go to the management at Vaitra and ask for money to continue sustaining the business for another two years. At that point, the industry is expected to mature and the high growth levels that they anticipate may be achieved. In the meantime, it is not worth it to restructure the business, and implement costly promotion strategies that may not even be effective during the two years which they are most needed.However, in two years, when Wind Technologies anticipates a more secure cash position, they can begin specializing in the HPVS, hiring personal sellers, and attending trade shows. Then, perhaps they can also pursue more than just 0. 5 percent of the market. That is, however, if they even need to do so; it is possible that they will succeed with their current products. It would be best to have ample resources and do everything to the best of their abilities when the time is right, versus emptying their pockets just to get by in the industry, and abandoning their current strategy which could be successful in the very near future.

Why I Want to Study Msc in Finance and Investment and How I Feel I Can Essay

Why I Want to Study Msc in Finance and Investment and How I Feel I Can Contribute to the Course - Essay Example I attribute this to the environment I grew in where most people were business people who had invested in different sectors of the economy. I undertook the course of Finance and Investment during my undergraduate programme and I would like to get a deeper understanding of the field. This would be possible through a MSC undertaking in the course. I want to gain the necessary skills and knowledge needed in the sphere in order for me to have first hand information when approaching investment situations. The understanding that I inherently have in issues of investment and finance also plays one of the most significant roles in my choice of pursuance of the MSC course in Finance and investment. Among my understanding is the appreciation that money which is invested wisely will generate more money, thus, boosting a country’s economy (John, 2006, p. 58). In the contemporary society, entrepreneurship is the only way of building a country’s economy since job opportunities are min imal. Due to this, it is very important for one to understand how to identify opportunities and strategize appropriately on how to use the available resources to generate more money. In this regard I will play a role in boosting the economy. MSc in finance and investment will enable me to understand behavioral finance.

Internation Monetary Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Internation Monetary Economics - Essay Example Therefore, there is a necessity of change. For this issues arising to be resolved, the whole system have to be reformed with much consideration on current international economics. The main purpose for addressing this paper is to spot the lessons that have been learnt from the international systems currency b policy makers. It further tries to apply what has been learnt to solve the euro crisis. The paper focuses on international system of finance, the role it plays in the ongoing current crunch and in the prevention and solving future ones. Generally, crisis recurs but their rate of occurrence and results can be mitigated and managed. Introduction The exiting crisis in the international scene may be ultimately bottoming out. ... The shortcomings of international systems of finance are noticeable in the current crisis. If one talks about the consequences, solutions and causes to the crisis, it is not possible to think of adaptation of international systems of finance to international economic configuration. In fact, from the moment the institution of Bretton woods was created, at the time crises were faced by most countries, there was discussion by policymakers on those institutions’ adequacy, possible alterations and their toolkits’ improvement. The main reason for this addressing the paper is focus on international system of finance, the role it plays in the ongoing current crunch and in the prevention and solving future ones. Generally, crisis recurs but their rate of occurrence and results can be mitigated and managed. Lessons learnt For more than two years in the past, the international economy has experienced the most extended crisis from the time of great depression. Turmoil in finance re ached its worst level as 2008 fell. Before then, it had begun in the housing market of the U.S in 2007 during the summer time. It then spread gradually to the international economy and most parts of America. The channel through which the crisis followed is length. To start with, it went through the linkages of financial sectors like the investments on cross-border on derivatives ofcredit.In most part of 2008, growth of the economy seemed held up, specifically in market countries that emerged. These markets gave rise to decoupling debate. Nevertheless, towards the end of the same year, spill of the financial turmoil began to the real economy. This led to a dramatic flop in economic activity, international demand and international trade all over the globe.

Early medieval history of Ireland Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Early medieval history of Ireland - Term Paper Example Due to the relative isolation of Ireland by water, this magical land has been able to keep many of its medieval treasures intact, unlike most parts of Western Europe. With the fall of the Roman Empire, much of Western Europe lost its scholarship as Christianity tended to withdraw into its own sanctuaries. The medieval church in Ireland was powerful and brilliant. Splendid reminders of early Irish Christianity can be found in the stone, high crosses that melded the country's pagan roots with the newly imported faith. Unfortunately, not much can be said about pre-Christian era in Ireland. What little is known of this period comes from a few references in Roman writings, Irish poetry and myth, and archaeology (Raftery, 2005:134).However, traditions have it that the earliest inhabitants of Ireland, people of a mid-Stone Age, or Mesolithic culture, arrived sometime after 8000 BC, when the climate had become more hospitable following the retreat of the polar icecaps. At this time, settleme nts of Mesolithic hunter-gatherers have been found at about half a dozen sites scattered throughout the country: Mount Sandel in County Londonderry (Coleraine); Woodpark in County Sligo; the Shannon estuary; Lough Boora in County Offaly; the Curran in County Antrim; and a number of locations in Munster. It is thought that these settlers first colonised the northeast of the country from Scotland. Although sea levels were still lower than they are today, Ireland was probably already an island by the time the first settlers arrived by boat

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 4

Marketing - Essay Example A marketing strategy is the means that the producer uses to focus and identify various ways he can influence the decision of his customers to purchase his products. The marketing concept to be used should satisfy consumer needs and help the producer to achieve in increasingly competitive markets. To achieve competitive advantage, in an increasingly competitive market place, the producer should establish an effective market strategy that will influence consumer wishes and win them into his side. Erich claims that the manufacturing of various products factors in behavior and wishes of buyers because the producer wishes to influence and change buyers’ interests in production. This statement raises ethical concerns about whether marketing is ethically professional; this is because producers aim to manipulate consumer behaviors in various ways of marketing. Producers manufacture consumer behavior in various ways for instance, through packaging. Producers package their products in a way to attract attention of the buyers to a certain brand, promote its image, and influence the perception of buyers about the brand2. Packaging can as well impart unique value to brands, and act as a differentiation tool – for instance, aid buyers select the brand from various same brands, stimulate buyers purchasing behavior. Producers use various packaging aspects such as packaging color, material, wrapper design, background image, creativity and printed information to tailor consumer wishes. Packaging color attracts buyers’ attention through its attractiveness, while packaging materials prevents brand loss as high quality materials attracts more buyers. For instance, some water production companies’ offers a clear packaging; in fact, these packaging uses pale blue bottles and a plastic seal at the middle of its lid. Apparently, use of pale blue on the bottle is an indication of water purity. Moreover, the packaging entails a vivid logo; for example, mountai ns, and brand names aimed at representing the nature of the product offered to consumers3. Packaging and branding information assist in the process of building brand reputation and customers’ appeal; in fact, it serves as an indication that the brand is fit for human health and consumption. They also indicate the quality, purity, and safety of the brand creating a strong competitive advantage over competitor brands. The design of the wrapper attracts consumer wishes, for instance, children prefer wrappers that are more sensitive. Therefore, packaging plays a critical function in marketing communication; thus, could be considered as a critical way of manufacturing consumer wishes to demand and buy product. Producers use their company reputation to tailor consumer wishes. Experts agree that every business, despite its competitiveness, trivial, or outsized, they chiefly rely on repute for triumph, survival, and customer satisfaction. Customers, personnel, vendors, financiers, co mmunication networks, and monitors may have an elemental outcome. They all have essential perceptions regarding other businesses they interrelate with on a daily basis. These perceptions extensively influence their decisions on their interests to purchase from, work with, and market or support these companies. Therefore, producers strove to offer an effectual, responsive customer service, which is vital to product promotion and

Shangri La Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Shangri La Case Study - Essay Example However, he should make sure that the firm will get predictable benefits from the wage increase in the long run. Bridl must consider that Shangri-La has certain competitive advantages over its rivalries in the Chinese market. Unlike the new entrants, Shangri-La has already gained customer loyalty and reputation in the Chinese hospitality industry. The new entrants have to overcome a lot of barriers to ensure their position in the market, and their survival is uncertain. If Shangri-La initiates a sudden and huge increase in wage in response to the competitors’ employee-poaching, it will affect the firm in several ways. For instance, if the new competitors do not thrive in the market and retire instead, Shangri-La may not be able to bring wages back to lower levels. Also, since Shangri-La involves a vast chain of hotels and resorts across China, the firm cannot afford huge wage increase. In the same way, increasing or decreasing staffing levels are also not advisable for a few r easons. As the case indicates, since Chinese employees are not good at exercising decision making authority, reducing staffing levels will affect their productivity. ... As Rizwan et al (2011) point out, enhancing employee participation can greatly influence employee behaviour and thereby the overall performance of the company. Obviously, wage increase itself cannot guarantee employee retention. Therefore, Bridl can propose an ‘employment bond’ which the employee will sign agreeing to work for the company for a certain length of time in exchange for employment related training the company offers him. Another strategy is that like its rivals, Shangri-La can also give priority to experienced hands from other firms during its recruitment processes. It is advisable for Shangri-La to promote outstanding performers to a ‘trainer’ level so that they will feel that they are the integral part of the organisation. Job commitment and satisfaction are the key factors contributing to the overall organisational productivity (Lumley et al. 2011). The level of participation required to produce the feeling of ownership may vary from industry to industry. When an employee gets the feeling of ownership, s/he would be very cautious in his work and try to minimise material wastage and thereby costs (ibid). As mentioned above, wage increase should take place gradually along with other motivational strategies. The firm should also focus on intrinsic rewards to satisfy non-money motive employees. In addition to promotion, tactics like higher level training, tours, family get together etc can be applied. It is important consider the feedback of the tenured employees before implementing changes. Since Chinese employees are accustomed to traditional working environment, they may be resistant to change. Therefore, Bridl has to ensure that objectives are effectively communicated until the employees

Critic of A Family Finds Entertainment by Ryan Trecartin Essay

Critic of A Family Finds Entertainment by Ryan Trecartin - Essay Example The genius of the film is not in the plot. The story is generally reflective of a teenager’s life in a highly urbanized environment whose sense of self is driven by consumerism and mass media. It is about a suicidal teenage character named Skippy whose gender is quite difficult to define but easily recognized to be Trecatin (being such, Skippy will be addressed as a boy) being clod in an outlandish costume who started in the film hidden in the second floor bathroom of their home. Skippy was asked and pleaded to come out by family and friends but instead of coming out, indulged in a surreal self assessment in the character of Kafka that drove him to cut himself. The irony was presented with the partying and singing downstairs while Skippy is in a self-mortification mood ready to cut himself/herself up. Strangely, a seashell told him to stop and stop he did. He left home and met a filmmaker but later hit by a car. A band played in electric frenzy followed by fireworks and festiv ity. The idea of the movie was not to conform but rather to challenge which is the genius of the film. ... recatin playing a role of female makes a statement that narration should be gender neutral and characterization should depend on the personality of the characters. This explains the over emphasized dialogues of the characters with Trecatin playing as Skippy and another female character. The construction of the character is not based on physiology but rather on the articulation of its mind. The way it investigate the circumstances and progression of the life of Skippy demonstrates that narration and story-telling can be done in non linear and even unrealistic way. The speech also does not have to taken literally just like Skippy’s seeming existentialist articulation when he was contemplating of suicide. There, it requires the consideration of not just the dialogue of the character but also the accompanying juxtaposition of the character’s body and its facial expression to finally get what the character is saying. This explains why the characters are outlandish because th ey complement the seemingly curt verbiages to complete a full dialogue. To illustrate, one can feel the gravity of the proposition that confounds Skippy when he was attempting to kill himself. Yet, the narration was only a serious of short talk, with series of impressions that were cut short by editing, but we are able to get it when we factored in the facial expression, the altered speech, the unorthodox lingo and body language of Skippy. The message that was delivered by shell or snail for Skippy not to take his life seems Kafkaesque in surrealism, but we get the message clear. Taking the whole context and narration of the film, Trecatin only illustrates that there are other ways of investigating certain phenomena whose story-telling is more contemporary albeit absurd in its presentation but the

Types of employee motivation Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Types of employee motivation - Dissertation Example Motivating the human resource works towards achieving higher efficiency in their services (Changing Minds, 2011). Research reveals that a highly motivated employee has a greater productivity than an employee who is not so motivated. Thus organisations implementing employee motivation strategies are deemed to perform better than those without such practices. This project aims to identify the different ways of motivating employees in organisations in Saudi Arabia. Its main focus is to identify the factors which help to motivate employees. The company chosen for the purpose of the project is Saudi Telecom Company (STC), which holds the top most position in the telecommunications sector in Saudi Arabia. The research conducted for the purpose is by using the questionnaire. The questions are aimed towards the employees of the organisation to find out their views about the motivational factors which would enhance their work productivity. The results following from the questionnaire have bee n presented as research findings in the project. Finally, it provides strategies which should be developed by the organisations which would motivate its staff towards enhancing their productivity. About the Company (Saudi Telecom Company- STC) The company was established in 1998 after being approved by the â€Å"Council of Ministers’ Decree No. 213† (STC, 2011) to establish under the name of STC. It is considered to be the leading telecommunication service provider in Saudi Arabia. It has been continuously working towards meeting its customer requirements, keeping up with the changing technologies and going with the market trends. The company underwent change in its strategy from that of a government system to standards of commercial business. This transition comprised of internal reorganisation, staff development, re-skilling, changing the company’s internal process, restudying its customer requirements and at the same time continuing to undertake its corporate responsibilities (STC, 2011). This company has been chosen for this study because it has been working towards changing its strategies which would necessarily involve restructuring its human resource practices, of which motivation is an important component. Research and Analysis Research Statement The research statement is as follows- What factors are used in organisations of Saudi Arabia for motivating its employees? STC or the Saudi Telecom Company has been chosen for the study and choice of this firm is done purely on the basis of judgement. The research question would allow for designing the most appropriate motivational mix by the management of the organisation. Aim of the Study The research aims to identify the different ways of motivation that are practiced in the firms of Saudi Arabia. It finds the different views proposed by employees of the company. This is done by conducting a primary research on the subject. A secondary research component would also be present to get a m ore comprehensive view on the subject. The literature review would be developed using secondary research techniques. It would include the use of books, journals and scholarly articles. The primary research techniques would be primarily based on the use of questionnaire. The questionnaire method would be followed. The responses following from the method would be collected,

Role of Compromise in Delaying the Civil War Essay Example for Free

Role of Compromise in Delaying the Civil War Essay Most of the time, compromise helps stop a fight from starting and is generally a way to end a fight. However, the Civil War was only delayed by compromise because both sides didn’t want to give anything up. Compromise’s role in delaying the Civil War was keeping both the North and South happy, but it didn’t help. The Missouri Compromise was a good plan in theory. It made one state a slave state and another state free. It alternated between the two to keep it even. The Missouri Compromise made Missouri a slave state, and made Maine a free state. Eventually, they split slave states and free states along the 36-30 parallel, which divided the states into North and South. The North became free states and the South became the slave states. The Missouri Compromise helped keep things neat and even but split the states. The Compromise of 1850 was made to settle issues between North and South about territory and slavery that was caused by the Mexican-American War. There were five bills made. The first bill was that California was a free state. The second state was that Texas would be paid compensation by the government for giving California and New Mexico up. The third bill was that New Mexico was a new state without any specific prohibition of slavery. The fourth bill was that there would be no slave trade in Washington DC. The fifth bill was that if a slave ran away, people would have to chase after it no matter what. Even though this was a compromise, the North and South didn’t really like it that much. Texas especially didn’t like it because they lost a lot of territory. The Kansas-Nebraska Act created two new states, but they were voted upon using popular sovereignty. Rather than having them be free state and slave state by the Missouri Compromise, it was decided that the citizens would vote on it. This was known as popular sovereignty (voting on whether or not the state would be free or slave state), and people from the north and south came up to vote. This compromise wasn’t even that well planned, and was only made so a railroad could be put down. It lead to Bleeding Kansas where many people died due to differentiating options on slavery. The Missouri Compromise split the North and South on terms of slavery. The Compromise of 1850 caused Texas to give up property and get rid of slavery in Washington DC. The Kansas-Nebraska Act introduced popular sovereignty to the states, and also caused Bloody Kansas. From all of this, it’s easy to see that the compromises were supposed to keep the states happy, but it only lead to the states separating into North and South and fights breaking out.

Financial regulatory framework

Financial regulatory framework Regulatory framework for financial reporting The financial regulatory framework in the UK went through significant reforms in 1990-91 and has remained stable for ten years thereafter. Changes are being proposed to the regulatory framework arising out of three major reasons (a) the move by the European Commission towards developing a single capital market (b) the Enron scandal which has stimulated political interest in the regulation of accounting and (c) changes in UKs domestic laws and regulation (Fearnley and Hines, 2003). There have been several changes in the international arena that have also necessitated changes in the financial regulatory framework. Due to globalization, many UK companies are now acquiring subsidiary companies in other countries, which function under different financial parameters and there may be a need to modify the existing regulatory and financial frameworks (Haller and Walton, 2003). When different financial accounting standards exist in different countries, it may be necessary to harmonize them and this can only be achieved through modification of the financial regulatory networks. In this context, a report published by the Institute of chartered accountants in Scotland offers the view that the current position in the context of globalization is such that there is an â€Å"ever increasing volume of accounting rules†, which is not sustainable in the long run (ICAS, 2006:2). Its only principles based accounting is likely to be beneficial Domestic law and regulation has changed in different ways. First, the London Stock exchange was once self regulatory but it is no longer the Listing authority within the U.K. The UKLA (UK Listing Authority) which is a part of the Financial Services Authority (FSA) is now the responsible authority for this purpose. Second, professional bodies which are a part of the UK Accountancy profession, have set up their own private regulatory framework the Accountancy Foundation to provide independent oversight of their auditing standards, ethical standards and regulatory activities, including disciplinary procedures. New regulations have also been issued in respect of limiting the remuneration paid to directors and the Companies Act has also been modified (Fearnley and Hines, 2003). These changes in the domestic law mean that the framework which existed earlier and was largely self-regulatory may no longer be adequate. Bullen and Crook (2005) have explained why a conceptual framework is needed. Both the FSAB and IASB, share a common goal of ensuring that their standards are â€Å"principles based†, which requires that such standards must not be a mere collection of conventions but must be rooted in fundamental concepts. For instance, when the FASB members first attempted to set up a regulatory framework, they experienced considerable difficulty in attaining agreement on standards, which led them to work towards the development of a conceptual framework. If such standards are to produce a coherent financial reporting system, they must be compiled in such a way that they constitute a framework that is sound and consistent internally. Bullen and Crook (2005) have also pointed out differences in concepts and conventions through assets, wherein the concept of a piece of equipment as an asset is based upon viewing it as a source of economic benefits for the future, while the straight line depreci ation of that asset would be viewed as a convention. According to Bullen and Crook (2005), a consistent regulatory accounting framework is required to converge different aspects of expressing the same concepts. The development of an accurate and well developed regulatory framework is essential to prevent accounting fraud and deception such as the financial scandal that erupted at Enron. Secondly, it also provides advantages for investors, such as the ISAB framework for example, which Ball (2005:9) has spelt out as follows: (a) a more efficient valuation in equity markets (b) reduced costs to process financial information because GAAP adjustments are not required (c) reduced costs for being informed in a timely manner and (d) ability to create standardized financial databases. If these standards are implemented consistently, then it provides better comparability and therefore ensures that there is less risk for investors. Thirdly, it enables certain objectives of financial reporting to be met, such as (a) usefulness in making economic decisions (b) useful in assessing cash flow prospects and (c) providing information about enterprise resources, the claims of these resources and the changes that are required. Using ISAB Standards: The existing ISAB framework is similar to the FSAB framework in terms of its structural components, i.e., setting out the objectives, the qualitative characteristics of the information, elements of financial statements, their measurement and display in the statements as well as elements of disclosure. The qualitative characteristics listed for example, include understandability, relevance, reliability and comparability (Zeff 2007:291). There are two specific challenges arising where worldwide financial reporting is concerned: comparability and convergence. Most companies are using the International Financial reporting Standards in order to prepare their financial statements (Zeff, 2007). The differences in business customs and corporate structures, such as the kieretsu in Japan and chaebol in Korea which are actually networks of holding companies with interlocking relationships, raises the question of whether a standard on consolidated financial statements would ensure comparability. It must be noted that there are some factors interfering with worldwide comparability, such as the business and financial culture, the accounting culture, the auditing culture and the regulatory culture (Zeff, 2007). Different countries have different legal frameworks in place to tackle issues of financial regulation and the functioning of companies. For example, in the United States, the Sarbanes Oxley Act tries to regulate the funct ioning of companies, while in the UK, it is the Turnbull report which has guided corporate governance. Achieving similarity between the different legal national systems and their effective implementation across geographical boundaries is also difficult. While there are similar provisions among the laws of different countries, it must be noted that statutory provisions tend to set out legal parameters which may be adequate to express what financial actions would be considered illegal. The Companies Act of 2006, for example, has recently been amended to allow companies greater latitude and flexibility in their operations, such as decision making, company formation, director duties, etc, as well as spelling out limits on remuneration allowable to them. The components of the legal provisions thereby set out detailed parameters about how the company functions and how it is to carry out its business operations. The Companies Act of 2006 also requires that companies establish risk assessment and accountability measures, such as setting up independent auditor function to monitor and check accounting procedures within the Company. But all these aspects are dealt with in generalities rather than specifics in so far as statutory provisions are concerned. But the ISAB framework is much more comprehensive from the perspective of establishing and defining financial parameters. For instance, the ISAB framework defines assets, liabilities and equity clearly. Other information contained in the frameworks includes the characteristics of financial information, such as the elements of financial statements and their recognition, as well as measurement of assets and liabilities. As Ball (2005) points out, investors require high quality financial statements, which would necessitate (a) an accurate depiction of economic outcomes (b) timeliness and (c) a low capacity for manipulation by managers. None of these elements are likely to be components of the law (Ball, 2005:5). The ISAB framework on the other hand, does place an emphasis on reliability and relevance. The objectives spelt out under ISAB include the development of high quality, understandable and enforceable global accounting standards, promoting the rigorous application of those standards and bringing about a convergence in these standards.(Ball, 2005:6). Moreover, the regulatory frameworks place emphasis on reliability and consistency of accounting frameworks which helps to ensure that there is comparability and relevance across geographical boundaries. In conclusion therefore, a regulatory framework for financial reporting is necessary to ensure that there is consistency across financial standards in various countries. Regulatory frameworks also help to define financial parameters more clearly as compared to statutory provisions, which provide a more generalized set of rules and laws that companies are expected to adhere to. It is only when there is a violation in financial conduct that a legal provision can be applied and contested, in order to establish how it applies in the context of the specific incident or allegation that has been brought before the Courts. A financial regulatory framework such as the ISAB framework however, clearly defines financial parameters and allows for the preparation of accurate financial statements which are likely to be more informative for investors, based upon an accurate depiction of economic outcomes. References: * Bullen, Halsey G and Crook, Kimberley, 2005. â€Å"A new conceptual framework project†, Financial Accounting Standards Board. * Fearnley, Stella and Hines, Tony, 2003. â€Å"The regulatory framework for financial reporting and auditing in the United Kingdom: the present position and impending changes†, The international Journal of Accounting, 38: 215-233 * Haller, Axel and Walton, Peter, 2003. â€Å"Country differences and harmonization†, IN Walton, P, â€Å"International Accounting†, London: Thomson:1-34. * Zeff, Stephen A, 2007. â€Å"Some obstacles to global financial reporting comparability and convergence at a high level of quality†, The British Accounting Review, 39:290-302

Confessions For the Rest of Us :: Literary Analysis, God, Augustine of Hippo

Novels are written with the intent to entertain, textbooks to educate, and scripture to exhort. All writing has a purpose, intentional or otherwise. If this were not the case, writing would contain nothing of value. Autobiographies typically serve to inform the reader about the life of a specific person, yet, in Confessions, Augustine of Hippo displays loftier aims. Among other goals, he attempts to use his life story to indirectly guide others to God and truth, an objective to which he applies his considerable literary skill. Often famous historical icons seem to tower in the public eye, casting a shadow of influence that only increases through the ages; they seem somehow more than human. St. Augustine is just such a figure, yet his simple, candid commentary of his life in Confessions paints him as an ordinary man. Augustine went to great lengths to achieve this image, especially in the commencement of his narration. He begins by hyperbolizing his sin even in childhood stating, â€Å"At the time of my infancy, I must have acted reprehensibly† (Augustine 9), and continues this pattern of self-degradation throughout, not out of false humility, but to prove to his audience that he was not born a saint. Augustine spends greater time than necessary covering his ‘sin’ of stealing pears (Augustine 29-34), an act that most would consider a childish prank, and his sexual desires (in which he certainly was not the greatest sinner of his time) not only to explore the nature of transgression b ut also to build his reputation (or lack of it) with his reader (Augustine 24-28). Later in the narrative he describes what most would view as a moral triumph: I also recall how, when I had decided to enter for a poetry competition at the theatre, a soothsayer of some sort sent to ask what fee I would give him to ensure victory. But I replied that I hated and abominated those vile mysteries, and that even if the crown were immortal and made of gold, I would not allow a fly to be killed to bring about my success. For in his mysteries he would be going to kill animals, and by offering these creatures in honour of daemons, his intention was to gain their support for my winning. (Augustine 53-54) He then proceeds to condemn his intentions saying, â€Å"I refused sacrifice to daemons on my behalf; yet by adherence to that superstition I sacrificed myself to them† (Augustine 54).

Pros and Cons of Home Schooling Essay -- Education Classroom Learning

Pros and Cons of Home Schooling In 1999, the US Department of Education estimated there were 850,000 home schooled children across America. According to the National Home Education Research Institute, between 1.5-1.9 million children are now being home schooled in grades K-12. Why are so many parents taking their children’s education into their own hands? Most parents say it is necessary because they want their children to learn at their own pace. Others say it is for safety concerns or that they want to tailor their child’s education to suit his/her needs. Whatever the reason, it is a growing trend in America.(Walsh, Mary (2001). Human Events. (57)) Many companies now sell home schooling curricula for parents to buy. The religious sect has made home schooling publications available. These include: A Beta Books, Alpha Omega Publications Inc., and Bob Jones University Press, which is affiliated with Christian University in Greenville, S.C. There are home schooling publications for almost any subject or philosophy. One upside is that 40-50% of home schooling families spend less than $400 per year. However, there are many different sources of home schooling curriculum, some with outrageous prices. (Walsh, Mark (2002). Home School Enrollment Surge fuels ‘Cottage’ Industry. Education Week (21)) Parents choose to home school their children for a variety of reasons. Most home schooling parents agree that letting their children learn at their own pace is very beneficial. Another reason that parents like to home school is for convenience. Parents who telecommute to work can stay at home at teach their children while also working. Parents get to spend more time one on one with their child... ... parents may feel that these new teachers are not going to be as effective as teachers of the past. The teachers union has made tenure easier to achieve and this has resulted in many teachers being solidified in their positions, unwilling to change their teaching methods because of their secured job. Teachers in the public school system go on strike to demand increases in salaries and benefits. These problems are not faced in the home schooling atmosphere. Whatever side you take with the debate over home schooling one thing is clear. The number of home schooled children is increasing. This trend may persist until enough pressure is brought to bear in the public education system so that parents have faith in it again. There are undeniable advantages and disadvantages to both styles of learning. In the end the child’s best intentions should be the goal.

Renaissance in the history of art

The Renaissance was much more than Just an episode in the history of art. The Renaissance gave birth to so many new ideas and styles beyond Just art, that are still being used today. Many of the greatest painters and architects rose during the renaissance era, such as Michelangelo, Brucellosis and Albert'. The Renaissance brought forth much more than Just art. The Renaissance gave birth to new talent and artwork that will forever be remembered in history. In the early years of Michelangelo, Brucellosis and the other great artists of this era, pursuing art was discouraged in the household.The adults saw it as a shameful career. Once these artist started showcasing their talents to the world, the view of art was changed to many. Artists gained new respect from the Europeans and were viewed as craftsman and useful to making goods. These artists inspired many with their work such as the Sistine Chapel and the Florence Cathedral. Also, architecture greatly contributed to this age of art. Alberta argued that buildings should mirror the human body in their supports and openings, which inspired many great artists such as Michelangelo.Much of the architecture during this era was created in this image of human likeness. Also, you can see the work of renaissance in modern day architecture. The Renaissance study of architecture came up with a grid pattern to lay out towns in a simpler way, which you can still see being used today. As you can see, there are many ways you can still see the Renaissance culture in modern day life. The Renaissance should not only be remembered for the art and talent it produced but the new ways and how culture changed as a whole.

Apple iPhone Essay

â€Å"Apple introduced the original iPhone back in 2007, instantly obsoleting every other smartphone on the planet in every way that mattered† (Ritchie, 2013, p.1). Within the next two years Apple came out with the iPhone 3G and 3GS which they were able to increase the functionality while simultaneously lowering the price, this allowed Apple to take the smartphone fully out of the niche and make them mainstream (Ritchie, 2013). Apple was able to bring the iPhone to broader carriers and faster speeds along with better displays and more natural language interfaces with the iPhone 4 and 4S. The iPhone 5 has taken manufacturing to new levels and screen to new heights but the biggest change is iOS 7 along with the iPhone 5s and 5c. With smartphones we are able to have immediate access to the internet which allows us to access any information with n seconds instead of having to wait until we have access to a computer. We are able to make reservations, look up movie times, find recipes, shop online, update or Facebook status, and find a local doctors office within minutes. Smartphones allow us to have more of a social presence. Even more businesses are focusing on having a mobile site as part of their marketing strategy. More people conduct all of their internet needs on their smartphone because you are able to download hundreds of apps ranging from calendars, to-do lists, emails, games, books, movies, and music. On my personal phone I have word, excel, and PowerPoint, I do not use them but if I left my computer at home I would be able to connect my phone to a laptop and conduct a presentation from it. In the next three to five years I feel that smartphones and tablets will take over and will be what businesses use to conduct business transactions. I think that businesses will soon stop excepting cash and strictly only accept debt and credit cards. This would eliminate some business expenses by switching to tablets instead of cash registers; it would also speed up the checkout process. If this were to occur the software industry would have to re-design to find more effective and efficient ways to give users the proper interfaces they need at the speed that they want to complete their tasks.

Of losing families and conquering one’s fears Essay

Jamal Wallace made a very important point in the movie just about before the movie ended: †¦and what’s the reason in having a file cabinet full of writing and keeping the shit locked so nobody can read it? What is that man? I’m done with this shit! – Wallace, Finding Forrester The movie is about a young African-American student who is very smart but does not have any focus in his life, particularly, in his academic studies. He was noticed by an elite school, The Mailer-Callow School, when he scored very high in a standardized test across the state of New York. He was offered a scholarship by Mailer-Callow provided that he will play basketball in the school’s basketball varsity team. It was also about this period when he accidentally met William Forrester (whose identity Wallace only found out later) and has since then became his writing mentor. Forrester has detached himself from the society after writing a Pulitzer-winning novel, The Avalon Landing. No one knew the reason why Forrester has gone dark. The two characters became friends and have started to experience change that could not have been possible without each other. Wallace became a personality in the school because of his natural talent in basketball and more importantly, his unexplainable gift in writing. And because the gift cannot be explained, a certain professor, Crawford, somehow was challenged. Crawford and Wallace had a conflict when Wallace tried to stand up and protect his classmate from the intimidating Crawford. The argumentation ended up with Wallace being an enemy of Crawford. The conflict of the story was made more obvious at the end of the movie when Wallace and Forrester had an argument on whether Forrester should go to Jamal’s school for the latter not to be accused of academic fraud – plagiarism. Wallace submitted an article with a sub-title similar to what Forrester has already published before. The only way for Wallace not to be implicated is for Forrester to get out, present himself in the academic board in Wallace’s school (or write a letter), and tell them, that he authorized Wallace to used his words. Wallace has secluded himself for years and he was not about to open up that easily to the society just because of a certain boy stupid enough to break his rule (the essay that Wallace has submitted is an essay Wallace wrote inside Forrester’s house – Forrester and Wallace had an agreement that anything written inside that place will not get out of there). Clearly, the movie’s conflict is more than just Forrester’s â€Å"power† to save Wallace from academic doom. The movie is about the two characters overcoming their fears. In the case of Wallace, he needs to get rid of his racial bias†¦ to get out of the mindset that everything is about the elite and the underdogs. Forrester, on the other hand, has to conquer his fears of developing new friends, new companionships. Forrester is not angry at the society. He is, more than that, afraid that he might, again, lose people that are close to him, people that he has learned to love. The movie showed us how everyone, no matter how satisfied and happy they might seem, have their own fears and discontentment. It seems that more than just Wallace finding Forrester, as his mentor, as his friend, the movie has successfully showed how Forrester found Wallace – a new friend that made him overcome everything that he has tried to avoid and to run away from. The movie Finding Forrester is not just about losing families and finding new ones. It is about fighting your own self, and in the process, finding the new you.

Evaluation Criteria Paper Essay

Taylor Transit is a company that is growing rapidly. The company must analyze the resources and capabilities of the company to look for the right tools that will provide potential benefits and competitive advantages in human resources. The new approach should include the selection of effective tools that help human resources during the expansion process and the criteria that will be beneficial in the human resource practices. The intent of the paper is discussing the implementation of specific HR tools such as employee selection test, Human Resource Information System (HRIS), successful planning, and the evaluation of the criteria for each tool selection. Human Resource Criteria Identification Identify and establish which is the most appropriate criteria is fundamental because it allows the implementation of new human resources procedures. The following explain the criteria for each of the following tools: Human Resource Information System (HRIS) For Taylor Transit implementation and use of HRIS is of great benefit because it helps to increase the effectiveness of human resources assets as well as provide guidance. The criteria will be based in the necessity of having a good HR information system in where the company will be able to keep information concerning to each employee and any other related HR information such as employees evaluation, disciplinary actions, rewards, and trainings within the organization. The â€Å"HRIS technology supports strategic planning through the generation of labor force supply and demand needs, requirements and forecasts† ( Lippert & Swiercz, 2005). This tool will be very useful for the company; given that the company is expanding it is important to have a system that allows Taylor Transit to have a solid database to track data 8,000 employees in order to help in the planning and execution of the company objectives. Selection Test The adequate selection test for the company is important because allow identifying the right candidate since the beginning of recruitment process. The recommended tools for measure the candidates are the cognitive aptitude and the ability tests. â€Å"Cognitive aptitude and ability tests are among the most valid predictors available to organizations† ( Terpstra, 1994). The criteria in the selection of these tools are because the cognitive aptitude test measure the candidate mental capabilities as well their reasoning and communication. On the other hand, the ability test will help to predict the performance of the employee within the company. Besides the background and the experience of the candidate, for the company will be useful make a thorough assessment in order to have the best candidates within the company Succession Planning â€Å"Succession planning must be part of an integrated HR process that includes training, development and performance appraisal† (Stensgaard, 2005). The criteria for choosing this tool is because the â€Å"succession planning also has indirect impacts on measures of firm performance such as productivity and gross returns on assets† (Greer & Virick, 2008). This would be excellent tool that would be beneficial in the aid of HR processes (training, development, and performance). One of the things Taylor Transit need to take into consideration is make sure of taking the necessary measures regarding in the proper selection of personnel for each of the positions within the company, as well of having the support of the senior level management. This is important because it allows a systematic process for identifying, evaluating, and developing personnel who are trained to perform key functions within the company. The usefulness of this is essential because it allows certain key personnel receive the necessary tools to develop their skills and abilities, as well as giving them the opportunity in the future to be the future leaders of the company. Conclusion By implementing the right tools allows human resource management to have a higher level of competitiveness. The three selected tools are best suited for the rapid growth of Taylor Transit. Implement the HRIS is helpful because it allows better control of information, and quick access to information for each employee. And for assessing the performance, this will help determine what kind of trainings can be provided to employees. This is helpful because it allows management the assessment and improvement of the procedures of the company. Meanwhile, the employee selection tests are useful because they allow the assessment of cognitive abilities and skills of employees in order to recruit the best possible candidates and may have better performance of the company. This is important because in the long run is cost effective because employees who have better cognitive aptitudes and abilities skills learn quickly, therefore the company does not have to incur in additional expenses for re-training their employees and in turn avoid turnover. Finally, the successful planning is helpful because it allows employees to adapt quickly to the demands of the company; the company in turn may have strategically highly qualified personnel in positions that are key to the success of the company. Implementing these tools allow the proper management of the company.

Ethical Considerations on the Muslim World

In the post-9/11 climate, the American people are bombarded with emotive images and language in the media to the point of reaching simply untrue conclusions about members of the Muslim world creating questions of an ethical bias in the United States media mainstream. This ethical assault on the emotions of the American people and the ensuing indoctrination of hatred toward people in the Middle East and Muslims living in the United States is an achievement that benefits politicians by instilling the emotions of fear and hate.The images that are depicted selectively, although in no way thoroughly, as they relate to the so-called War on Terror show events that create fear that a trend may be occurring, when in fact, the images depict isolated incidents that cannot be tied into one specific trend. As well, the wording that is used in various media outlets, namely the word â€Å"terror† and â€Å"terrorist† instills fear and brings about emotions to American viewers that are vulnerable to what they see and hear.As well, much of what is missing from the media in terms of the lives of average Muslim people only serves to further the bias that all Muslims must be terrorists, because when Muslims are depicted in the news, it is for violent acts. This, of course, is an emotive fallacy. This type of emotional appeal to fear has been studied by numerous academics and point to a propaganda model of what is presented to the people. â€Å"Propaganda does try to sway a mass audience to accept a conclusion based on premises that are popularly and widely accepted, and it does typically work by exciting the emotions and enthusiasms of the crowd† (Walton, 102).Certainly then, when emotions and enthusiasms are utilized by the media in portraying countries and peoples in a negative light and as enemies of the United States, this enthusiasm of an America united against a common enemy seems to serve just as well as demonizing these declared enemies. However, when the term â€Å"War on Terror† is used this is so unspecific that it also hinders reasoning by connecting people that belong to the Muslim religion in one group, instead of accurately portraying the members of the Muslim community as mostly peaceful with only a fringe element in question.The intended effect of this by unscrupulous politicians is to instill so much fear and hate as to replace compassion for the majority of Muslims in places like Iraq and Afghanistan. Another part of the propaganda model is to make sure that a country or a group of people are depicted as immoral and for this idea to be widely accepted. â€Å"Constant reference to a ‘war on terror’ did accomplish one major objective: It stimulated the emergence of a culture of fear. Fear obscures reason, intensifies emotions and makes it easier for demagogic politicians to mobilize the public† (Glassner, xii).So it seems that the reaction of the majority of people on America was to be initiall y immobilized by fear after 9/11 and they then were easily manipulated into mobilizing for politicians with an agenda. It becomes apparent that real and present dangers and social problems are deemed not interesting enough to make it to mainstream media, so instead the heroic stories of soldiers along with the horrific and largely isolated attacks by Muslim extremists are shown.It has also been argued that the presence of political analysts and other experts in a field are used to inform the people of the real dangers in the world, when in fact, it appears that these experts are chosen selectively and politically in order to boost television ratings. It also appears that television is a much more dangerous mode for the American citizen due to the very few sources of ownership in the media. This media monopoly, therefore, virtually suppresses the balanced voices of Americans who realize that the media serves as a weapon of propaganda.Again television news is the most troublesome. â⠂¬Å"Studies conducted†¦ have shown that people who are heavy television viewers, including viewers of television news shows, believe their communities are much more dangerous than do light television viewers† (Postman& Powers, 23). Certainly then, the media does instill fear as research has shown and it is the most dangerous of people that are portrayed, because this is more entertaining than showing Muslims living in peace or wanting peace.The news then, does not educate people by using logical means, what is used is an appeal to emotion. This appeal to emotion equals viewers resulting to the emotive fallacy of coming to the conclusion that Muslims and countries with the majority of it’s peoples as Muslims are inherently dangerous. Of course, there is nothing ethical about this presentation not on the part of media conglomerates or the politicians, who use propaganda as a tool to serve themselves politically.The fear now is that this â€Å"War on Terror† wi ll never cease due to the media spin on the dangers of terrorism and the ensuing jump to the illogical conclusions that this group and these peoples are dangerous. In conclusion, the emotive fallacy of coming to a popularly held belief that is held by the American people that Muslims and Muslim countries are dangerous is perpetuated by the media. Research has indicated that this is nothing less than propaganda and an unethical disinformation campaign. As well, other research has pointed out that television viewers are more likely to fall into this illogical thinking.Then if it is not fear that creates tensions and hatred toward this group it is the mobilization of citizens under a common goal, to defeat a declared enemy in a most-confusing war. References Glassner, Barry. (1999). The Culture of Fear: Why Americans are Scared of the Wrong Things. New York, NY: Basic Books. Postman, Neil & Powers, Steve. (1992). How to Watch TV News. New York, NY: Penguin Books Walton, Douglas. (2007) . Media Argumentation: Dialectic, Persuasion, and Rhetoric. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University P

Are there fundamental differences between western mathematics and Essay

Are there fundamental differences between western mathematics and tranditional chinese mathematics - Essay Example Instead back then they utilized alphabets so as to represent numbers. This reflects that mathematical terminologies are in use since the ancient times. However, in the present days rapid development has been witnessed in the field of mathematics. Mathematics originated simultaneously with other human production activities of the older times. The Ancient Chinese call mathematics as one of the six arts and it has been also treated as the preliminary point of philosophy by the Ancient Greeks. After thousands of years of developmental phase, mathematics has undergone various theoretical and practical changes. In the present times it is defined as the branch of science which deals with skillful operations. The rules and concepts of Mathematics are primarily developed for the purpose of conducting dexterous procedures. The basic emphasis of the subject has always been upon the development of new concepts. The concepts of basic mathematics, especially elementary geometry, were designed in order to define the units which are directly used in the real world (Wigner 1960). Chinese civilization is as ancient as Babylonian and Egyptian civilization. Somewhere in 1200 BC, during the times of Shang Dynasty, Chinese used to do mathematical calculations with the help of markings on tortoise shells and animal bones. This reflects that they were more inclined towards the numeric calculations rather than inventing new mathematical concepts. Similarly the ancient Chinese mathematics books have a vast collection of practical problems, giving the problems first and followed by their solutions. In this modern age Chinese still use the same pattern for teaching purposes. However, contrary to the Chinese mechanical algorithm, western mathematics focuses on the proof and derivation so as to develop new concepts in the field of mathematics (Boyer and Merzbach 2011, p. 7). The basic purpose of Chinese mathematics is to utilize the mathematical concepts in

Theories explaining homelessness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Theories explaining homelessness - Essay Example In this paper the issue of homelessness will be discussed thoroughly by having a look at national homelessness factsheets with an emphasis on sociological theories to help understand the reasons of this social problem. Homelessness is a condition caused by numerous factors that affect people of various demographics in the United States. Among the most affected groups are African-American and White people, especially single men and children aged between 5 to18 years are seriously affected by this condition. Also, there are groups of people who are victims of domestic violence such as women who leave their homes to get rid of violence. Among the homeless people, there are mentally ill individuals and drug addicts as well, who do not have accommodation facilities. The main reason of homelessness is poverty and unemployment, offering people little opportunities to earn and pay for their housing facilities. However, there are other reasons as well such as domestic violence, mental illness, drug addiction, lack of affordable residence and little public assistance. According to a study, 10% of homeless people are suffering from mental disorders (Drake, Osher & Wallach, 1991). There is need to take certai n steps, for instance, controlling mental illnesses and addiction, poverty and unemployment and violence by providing healthcare, psychological and financial assistance to people in need in order to deal with this issue. Classical sociological theorists Emile Durkheim and Max Weber had given their views on society and its issues decades ago in the form of grand sociological theories. Durkheim gave a concept of anomie, a state of being normal in a society that could be applied to the social problem of homelessness that America is facing today. According to him social problems enter in a society when it lacks moral unity and norms and values are unable to create

Introduction to Business Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 3

Introduction to Business Law - Essay Example Law of misrepresentation have provisions that offer redress of the consumer detriment (Cartwright, 2007). However, the rights appear in fragmented forms that are complex hence making it unclear. The complexities presented by the law require amendments to ensure effective application of the law. The current laws provide confusions to the advisers of the consumers and traders as well as their clients, a fact that pose hindrances to private ordering. Therefore, the essay presents the law by highlighting the gaps that need amendments by considering possible avenues that are applicable in a case where the consumer is mislead by the trader. Misrepresentation refers to misleading actions when considered from a private law perspective. However, this law does not occur in a single body but rather represents several causes of actions for a number of issues arising from misrepresentation (Law Commissions, 2010; Atiyah and Treitel, 1967). Therefore, it gives rise to several families of rule. When a consumer intends to bring forth claims of misrepresentation, they are required to go through sea of actions that may be intimidating and lead to uncertain actions (Law Commissions, 2010). These represent some of the discouragement that hinders the consumers from commencing any claim from the fraudulent traders. When a consumer is presented with misleading facts, or is told something that is untrue, such a consumer is said to have been mislead. When the trader breaches the contract or act in a fraudulent manner, the law of England governs this in the 1967 act of the misrepresentation (Warren, 1983). A misrepresentation depends on whether the information falls within the three categories of factual, falseness and not an omission (Cartwright, 2007). When a representation is untrue, it represents an actionable prospect. However, when it is untimely, unintelligible, or not

Darden's Global Supply Chains Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Darden's Global Supply Chains - Case Study Example Furthermore, the livelihoods of millions of individuals all over the globe are determined by facilitating the provision and production of services and goods bought by the company. Recently, some of Darden’s primary fields of emphasis has been to manage and understand supply chain sustainability well and know how they can impact a positive transformation. Shi and Liao, (2013) state that the company has also recognized prospects for and frequently engages its suppliers on a variety of sustainability problems. From the labour and human rights to seafood and animal welfare sustainability. Their approach is based on building a longstanding, mutually beneficial affiliation with their suppliers and also work with them cooperatively and constructively in order to increase their sustainability enactment when required. By being involved with suppliers to reduce the volume of packaging, the company decreases the fuel amount required to transport goods while decreasing the waste packaging that can be produced downstream. Darden has four different supply chains. To start with, we have Small ware, this is a term in the restaurant industry for things like silverware, kitchenware and tableware, linens and dishes. According to Flint, (2004), the benefit of small ware is that if reduces the price of shipping these minor items this is because all of them do come from a similar region in Orlando, Florida. Additionally, it aids to harmonize all their restaurants in an organized manner. Hence, providing them with small wares of the same quality. By everything being available in a single location, it becomes simple to manage, costs are lowered, and bookkeeping is easy. Therefore, the company can purchase inexpensive unpackaged quantities of products. The second supply chain is frozen and canned food products. The benefit of this supply chain is that it is cheap to operate with the eleven centres of distribution. Also, the distribution centres

Why did the United States fail to sign the Treaty of Versailles Research Paper

Why did the United States fail to sign the Treaty of Versailles - Research Paper Example In fact, he worked a lot for that to happen but the end result did not turn out as he had wished. The United States did not sign the treaty because Wilson did not have the vote of all the Senate members. Wilson required constitutionally mandated two-thirds vote for ratification which he did not get. Henry Cabot Lodge and Alfred Beveridge were highly against the treaty. Lodge was a Republican and the Senate majority leader and Chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee, thus holding a lot of power and responsibility. The failure of the United States to ratify the Treaty of Versailles and, eventually, join the League of Nations is a story of conflict. However, no matter where the focus is on – personalities, political parties and branches of government, or ideas and institutions, Wilson certainly did lie at the crux. It was his overweening confidence in the view that he held of the world that he dealt with which formed the basis of the defeat of the very tool that he had devise d in order to secure the world of future wars. Clemenceau once said bitterly: â€Å"Talk with Wilson! How can I talk to a fellow who thinks himself the first man in two thousand years to know anything about peace on earth?† and â€Å"I get on with you. You are practical.... Wilson was a visionary reared with a strong moral background. While others wanted to punish Germany, Wilson wished to get rid of the old system and come up with a new world order which would not treat Germany like a defeated enemy; instead he wanted to her to be like others, a partner of the new system he had envisioned. On the other hand, Clemenceau did not wish to end the old system but rather to make it stronger to build peace, and this meant that the conquerors would divide the spoils to come up with a reimbursement as satisfactory as possible to their respective nation’s requirements. History has paid substantial attention on the personal enmity that existed between Wilson and Lodge, and, from the consequences that we have seen it is clear that there was, in fact, a lot of political animosity between them4. It should also be considered, however, that they had opposite views regarding the issues of the day and thus their political behavior showed varied opinions. From the way Lodge was repudiating the President it seemed that it was his behavior rather than genuine ideological opposition. Instead of coming up with actual and meaningful debate that would list the reasons why the treaty should not be signed, Lodge kept delaying action by reading – word-for-word – the language of the Treaty5 6. Therefore, what it resulted in was just endless criticism that took about six weeks of public hearing. For the Senate Foreign Relation Committee he chose those senators whom he thought would go against the treaty. After the committee had reported the Treaty to the full Senate they did so after burdening it with corrections which Lodge had said were necessary to adopt and

DQ Questions 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

DQ Questions 4 - Essay Example My focus would be on common stock (Bragg, 2011). Weighted average cost of capital is the cost based on relative significance of each source of capital. It is the product of the percentage contribution of each source of capital and percentage cost of each source. It therefore consists of debt, preferred stock, common stock, and their percentage contribution, and costs. It is more appropriate in capital budgeting because it gives accurate average values for each unit capital that it derives from the different sources. WACC informs organizations towards optimal cost of long-term capital through identifying unit costs (Bragg, 2011). Initial Public Offer defines an initial launch of a company’s shares, in the stock market, to the public. The offering company avails its share for purchase in return for cost of the stock. This allows an organization to grow financially because it creates cash inflow without material cash outflow from the offering company. Merger and acquisition is a more appropriate way to grow when growth prospects extend beyond finances to include expertise, market control, and property, among other resources (Bragg,

Why was decolonisation so rapid Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Why was decolonisation so rapid - Essay Example The political situation after World Wars I and II in Europe was one of the most influential factors in decolonization process. The new influential parties started to develop in colonies with the objective to resist the royal rule. South Asia, for example, has much advanced in political power: Gandhi has played an important role in raising the question of national sovereignty. Communistic parties of North Africa were also demanding the end of colonial power. France and Britain remained the key political players in Europe, however, they failed to restructure their colonial administration and the process of decolonization became unavoidable. Few years after the war, both French and British empires were struggling to preserve their colonial ruling. The British Empire became the Commonwealth of Nations, while France was classified as the French Union or the Community since 19451. French politicians still believed in the unity of colonies, while the British colonies moved towards the autonomy. The political change was required – the first step in this direction was political participation of local population instead of European administration in politics. Colonial agencies became elective governmental bodies. In 1950s these formations acquired the national status and the national leaders of colonies did not see the need to be part of the colonial government. France and Britain were unable to control the political life of their colonies any more and one after the other, the colonies became independent. African and Caribbean colonies received sovereignty peacefully. There were tensions only with two colonies: Indochina and Algeria. France was much determined to preserve political power over these two colonies. Between 1947 and 1954, the French were fighting against the local armies with the effort to prevent the collapse of empire2. The situation in Vietnam (1954) was not better as well – the French military forces were demolished

From slavery to freedom Essay Example for Free

From slavery to freedom Essay Ironically, Fredrick Douglas all but snatched the Emancipation Proclamation from Abraham Lincolns hands to make of its flat rhetoric a sharpened call for freedom and equality. Douglass had never regarded the ending of slavery as enough, either for himself or for his people; it had to be the beginning of an embrace of the black individuals fullness as a person, a beginning that would point straight toward an end, within quick reach. â€Å"For Douglass, each gain in the struggle, and the Emancipation Proclamation decidedly was one of the greatest, simply meant that America must move on to the next gain. † (Mcfeely, 1991) Douglasss commitment to abolitionism, black elevation, and womens rights outstripped his commitment to other social reforms. His major social reform passions black liberation and womens liberation underscored his egalitarian humanism. The logic and motivation for his social reform odyssey derived essentially from his quest for morality, order, and progress. Even though his interrelated social reform enthusiasms were integral to his vision of a moral, orderly, and progressive civilization, he nonetheless evinced a keen sense of the need for priorities among them. (Martin, 1984) In retelling his journey from slavery to freedom in the middle of the decade, less than a year after the Cleveland emigration convention, Douglass was responding implicitly to the arguments of Delany and other pro-immigration supporters that in the foreseeable future blacks would remain slaves, or de facto slaves, in the United States arguments that would appear to have gained added currency with the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854. Central to Douglasss continued hopefulness about blacks prospects in the United States, despite such obviously negative developments, was a renewed commitment following his 1851 break with Garrison to the informing ideals of the nations original revolutionary documents. In many ways during this period, Frederick Douglass became the prototypical American success: a peerless self-made man and symbol of success; a fearless and tireless spokesman; a thoroughgoing humanist. The most striking and enduring aspect of Douglasss heroic legacy in his day its classic, even archetypical aura has persisted down to the present. Although often viewed and used differently by others, the heroic and legendary Douglass clearly personifies the American success ethic. The key to his eminently evocative essence is twofold. Douglass’s influence had a far reaching affect. In April 1855, Uriah Boston, a prominent figure in the black community of Poughkeepsie, New York, wrote a letter to Douglass in reference to his newspaper. Boston expressed concern over the increasingly separatist tone of prominent black abolitionists like William J. Wilson and James McCune Smith. Responding to pieces they had written in the black press, Boston criticized the two for â€Å"urging the colored people to preserve their identity with the African race. † He feared that any claim of distinct national identity on the part of black people might lend credence to â€Å"the propriety and necessity of African colonization†Ã¢â‚¬â€the dreaded scheme of the American Colonization Society. For Boston, blacks could never constitute a nation within the nation. â€Å"You cannot mix nationalities,† he wrote. â€Å"No man is a proper citizen of one certain country while he claims at the same time to be a citizen of any other country. †

Advertising Designed To Differentiate Remind Inform And Persuade Marketing Essay

Advertising Designed To Differentiate Remind Inform And Persuade Marketing Essay Advertising is one part of the promotional mix, and therefore advertising objectives will be set in line with overall Promotional and Marketing Objectives, which in turn will relate to the organizations overall Corporate Objectives. In general, however, there are three main categories of advertising objectives a business might set itself in terms of whether it seeks to Inform, Persuade or Remind the target audience. Types of advertisement: Inform: Informative advertising, seeks to tell the market about the product, explain how the product works, provide information on pricing, and build awareness of both the product and the company. Such objectives are normally pursued at the launch of a new product, or re-launch / up-date of an existing product. Its the product of Pepsi Company and wants to inform people about it. Presenting different taste and verity of the product in daily print Electronic media to influence people towards product. Persuade: Here objectives are to encourage the target audience to switch brands, make the purchase, and create a preference in the market for the product as opposed to its competition. Advertising of this nature is required in highly competitive markets, where a range of products compete directly with each other. In such circumstances businesses often seek to differentiate their product through Comparison Advertising either directly or indirectly comparing its product to that of its competitors. Here Nestle Pakistan wants to inform public about the price of Product NIDO Price. That its price 39 rupees per liter and also persuade that it is low price then market price as well as grater Quality. Their target market is for product childrens. Remind: Reminder Advertising is used to maintain interest and awareness of a well established product in the market, often in the latter stages of its product life cycle. It is often used at the Point-of-Purchase to remind consumers of the Brand. Such advertising is used by the likes of Coca-Cola and other leading brands, to maintain their position in the market. Nestle Yogurt is well know product of Nestle Pakistan, they advertise just remind people about the product. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising P-5: Evaluate appropriate uses and applications for advertising in two given situations. Uses of advertisement: Advertisements are used to tell the audience what products you are selling, services you provide and the type of business you do such as whether your business provides finance company loan services for purchasers. Advertisements may be used to notify the public of the date and venue of an event. They inform consumers of what is available with a view to get the customers into the store and make sales. Other Uses are Corporate Communications Incentive Programs Multi-State Marketing Campaigns Multifunction/Department Management Regional Markets Prominent Client List Strategic Advertising Account Marketing/Sales Vendor Research Selection Strong Customer Relations Print/Newspaper Trends Marketing Program Execution Uses in Reminding: Brief messages designed chiefly to keep a product in the mind of the consumer once the product is already familiar. Reminder advertising usually follows an extensive advertising campaign, and therefore does not elaborate on the reasons to buy the product. Common examples of reminder advertisements are those found on matchbooks and pencils and in skywriting, as well as the more traditional media vehicles. Advertising designed to remind consumers of the benefits of a product or service, or of their current need for those benefits. For instance, the XYZ Company may seek to remind consumers of their need for XYZ anti-freeze when the weather begins to turn cold. Uses in Persuasion: This is the basic rule when it comes to persuasion in advertising. No matter how enticing the woman in a poster for a liquor brand might be, its not going to work if your target audience is composed of straight women. They just wont go for that. The same logic applies to when youre catering for the rich and the poor. You have to study your target group in order to come up with the most suitable ad campaign. Watching the news can prove to be a very effective mode of persuasion in advertising. By keeping yourself tuned into what is happening globally and locally, you are able to put your brand or your client into context with your target market. For example, if youre assigned to come up with an ad for vitamins and the rainy season has arrived, you can use the weather to convince your market that they need vitamins. Persuasion in advertising can be as direct or indirect as you want it to be. Some brands have even been known to make use of certain celebrities to actually tell people to support a certain brand. Whichever road you choose to take, it is very important to take note of your target market (because theyre the ones youre supposed to convince) and take advantage of current events to help you do it. P-6: Evaluate the role, organization and functions of agencies in the advertising process. Advertisement Process: http://www.ipa.co.uk/write/images/uploads/process.jpg Advertisement agency: An advertising agency or ad agency is a service business dedicated to creating, planning and handling advertising (and sometimes other forms of promotion) for its clients. An ad agency is independent from the client and provides an outside point of view to the effort of selling the clients products or services. An agency can also handle overall marketing and branding strategies and sales promotions for its clients. Role of advertising agencies in advertising process: A plethora of Businesses, Corporations, Government Organizations and Non Profit set-ups hire advertising agencies   to advertise their products, brands and services to present and prospective customers. Understand the Product / Company: An advertising agency begins by getting well acquainted with the clients goals, products target audience. This knowledge proves beneficial in planning and creating an effective advertising campaign. The advertising executives work towards creating an effective advertising campaign (a single or a series of attention grabbing and unique ads) which is within the clients marketing goals and budget. This includes creating interesting slogans, attractive jingles and attention grabbing body copy for advertisements. The client has the final word and may ask for rework. Plan Create an Advertising Campaign: Once an advertising agency understands its clients needs, the process of brainstorming and planning begins. Keeping in mind the clients goals (which can range from pushing sales of its products and services introducing new products in the market reiterating its brands benefits attracting new customers or keeping in touch with old ones Strategize: Some Companies like to outsource their overall marketing responsibilities to advertising agencies. In such a case, the ad agency takes over the process of brand building, strategizing and pushing sales through other promotion techniques like sales promotions etc. Organization of advertising agencies:- Broadly there are 6 departments in any advertising agency Account Servicing Account Planning Media Creative Production Finance and Accounting Account service department The account service, or the account management department, is the link between the ad agency and its clients. Depending upon the size of the account and its advertising budget one or two account executives serve as liaison to the client. The account executives job requires high degree of diplomacy and tact as misunderstanding may lead to loss of an account. The account executive is mainly responsible to gain knowledge about the clients business, profit goals, marketing problems and advertising objectives. The account executive is responsible for getting approved the media schedules, budgets and rough ads or story boards from the client. The next task is to make sure that the agency personnel produce the advertising to the clients satisfaction. The biggest role of the account executive is keeping the agency ahead of the client through follow-up and communications. Media department The responsibility of the agencys media department is to develop a media plan to reach the target audience effectively in a cost effective manner. The staff analyses, selects and contracts for media time or space that will be used to deliver the ad message. This is one of the most important decisions since a significantly large part of the clients money is spent on the media time and/or space. The media department has acquired increasing importance in an agencys business as large advertisers seem to be more inclined to consolidate media buying with one or few agencies thereby saving money and improving media efficiency. Creative department To a large extent, the success of an ad agency depends upon the creative department responsible for the creation and execution of the advertisements. The creative specialists are known as copywriters. They are the ones who conceive ideas for the ads and write the headlines, subheads and the body copy. They are also involved in deciding the basic theme of the advertising campaign, and often they do prepare the rough layout of the print ad or the commercial story board. Creation of an ad is the responsibility of the copywriters and the art department decides how the ad should look. Production department After the completion and approval of the copy and the illustrations the ad is sent to the production department. Generally agencies do not actually produce the finished ads; instead they hire printers, photographers, engravers, typographers and others to complete the finished ad. For the production of the approved TV commercial, the production department may supervise the casting of actors to appear in the ad, the setting for scenes and selecting an independent production studio. The production department sometimes hires an outside director to transform the creative concept to a commercial. Finance and accounting department An advertising agency is in the business of providing services and must be managed that way. Thus, it has to perform various functions such as accounting, finance, human resources etc. it must also attempt to generate new business. Also this department is important since bulk of the agencys income approx. 65% goes as salary and benefits to the employees. Functions of advertising agency: Professionals at advertising agencies and other advertising organizations offer a number of functions including: Account Management: Within an advertising agency the account manager or account executive is tasked with handling all major decisions related to a specific client. These responsibilities include locating and negotiating to acquire clients. Once the client has agreed to work with the agency, the account manager works closely with the client to develop an advertising strategy. For very large clients, such as large consumer products companies, an advertising agency may assign an account manager to work full-time with only one client and, possibly, with only one of the clients product lines. For smaller accounts an account manager may simultaneously manage several different, though non-competing, accounts. Creating Team: The principle role of account managers is to manage the overall advertising campaign for a client, which often includes delegating selective tasks to specialists. For large accounts one task account managers routinely delegate involves generating ideas, designing concepts and creating the final advertisement, which generally becomes the responsibility of the agencys creative team. An agencys creative team consists of specialists in graphic design, film and audio production, copywriting, computer programming, and much more. Research: Full-service advertising agencies employ market researchers who assess a clients market situation, including understanding customers and competitors, and also are used to test creative ideas. For instance, in the early stages of an advertising campaign researchers may run focus group sessions with selected members of the clients target market in order to get their reaction to several advertising concepts. Researchers are also used following the completion of an advertising campaign to measure whether the campaign reached its objectives. Media Planning: Once an advertisement is created, it must be placed through an appropriate advertising media. Each advertising media, of which there are thousands, has its own unique methods for accepting advertisements, such as different advertising cost structures (i.e., what it costs marketers to place an ad), different requirements for accepting ad designs (e.g., size of ad), different ways placements can be purchased (e.g., direct contact with media or through third-party seller), and different time schedules (i.e., when ad will be run). Understanding the nuances of different media is the role of a media planner, who looks for the best media match for a client and also negotiates the best deals. An Advertising agency is responsible for coming up for an Idea for an advertisement for the customers these customers maybe anyone Coke Cola, Pepsi Adidis, Nike anyone who has something to sell pays money to an advertising agency to get there product into the mind of customer. The advertising agencies are responsible for marketing and producing their clients brand. For example, if the client is Dell Computers, the agencys role is to see what are the best ideas in promoting the product. It can be done with television commercials, print ads or internet ads. There are many services an agency offers to its client. http://www.smallbusinessnotes.com/operating/marketing/advertisingprocess.html M-2: Make an effective judgment which of these advertisement do you consider as best in its category and why? In my judgment the add of NIDO is best of all because it have solid persuasive entity of price where people know general price of milk per liter and they give low price as 39 rupees per liter, shown the target market as mentioned in the picture a child with his mother. Here mother giving love in shape milk as NIDO. They specified the quality in the sentence ghezayit sy barphoor dhood. The specified that its beneficial as quality for children health. They also mentioned from how much quantity a quality milk can be made. On the top the company named is mentioned. Which show the overall company advertisement too. Where as bright colors are used which show happiness of the family children. D-1: Evaluate your findings on the basis of the criteria for the category discussed in Merit section. As I mentioned in the merit part my findings in the add. That price is mentioned in the add. That per liter its cost 30 rupees. They have shown their target market as children. They shown in the add NIDO as the symbol of care LOVE of mother with children. They described how to make liquid milk from powder milk in the better quality its quality quantity measurements. That the formula making better milk. They shown NIDO have better hygiene quality and health making material as vitamins etc. I think they had covered in the add: Target Market Brand quality Brand Price Brand Quantity Brand Benefits Method of use Contents of product Appendix Inform Persuade Remind

Oral Communication English Forms Functions and Strategies

Oral Communication English Forms Functions and Strategies 1.0 Introduction When we refer in the question context, oral communication in english: forms, functions, and strategies to a group of english language instructors at a local college/university, the first think in our mind is oral communication Communication is the activity of conveying information. Communication requires a sender, a message, and an intended recipient, although the receiver need not be present or aware of the senders intent to communicate at the time of communication; thus communication can occur across vast online in time and space. Communication requires that the communicating parties share an area of communicative commonality. The communication process is complete once the receiver has understood the sender. Communication as an academic discipline, sometimes called communicology, relates to all the ways we communicate, so it embraces a large body of study and knowledge. The communication discipline includes both verbal and nonverbal messages. A body of scholarship all about communi cation is presented and explained in textbooks, electronic publications, and academic journals. In the journals, researchers report the results of studies that are the basis for an ever-expanding understanding of how we all communicate. Communication happens at many levels (even for one single action), in many different ways, and for most beings, as well as certain machines. Several, if not all, fields of study dedicate a portion of attention to communication, so when speaking about communication it is very important to be sure about what aspects of communication one is speaking about. Definitions of communication range widely, some recognizing that animals can communicate with each other as well as human beings, and some are more narrow, only including human beings within the different parameters of human symbolic interaction. 2.0 The Oral Communication Process According to Shannons (1948) model of the communication process is, in important ways, the beginning of the modern field. It provided, for the first time, a general model of the communication process that could be treated as the common ground of such diverse disciplines as journalism, rhetoric, linguistics, and speech and hearing sciences. Part of its success is due to its structuralist reduction of communication to a set of basic constituents that not only explain how communication happens, but why communication sometimes fails. Good timing played a role as well. The world was barely thirty years into the age of mass radio, had arguably fought a world war in its wake, and an even more powerful, television, was about to assert itself. It was time to create the field of communication as a unified discipline, and Shannons model was as good an excuse as any. The models enduring value is readily evident in introductory textbooks. It remains one of the first things most students learn abo ut communication when they take an introductory communication class. Indeed, it is one of only a handful of theoretical statements about the communication process that can be found in introductory textbooks in both mass communication and interpersonal communication (http://davis.foulger.info/research/unifiedModelOfCommunication.htm) Shannons (1948) Model of the communication process The ecological model of communication, shown in Figure 6, attempts to provide a platform on which these issues can be explored. It asserts that communication occurs in the intersection of four fundamental constructs: communication between people (creators and consumers) is mediated by messages which are created using language within media; consumed from media and interpreted using language.This model is, in many ways, a more detailed elaboration of Lasswells (1948) classic outline of the study of communication: Who says what in which channel to whom with what effect. In the ecological model, the who are the creators of messages, the says what are the messages, the in which channel is elaborated into languages (which are the content of channels) and media (which channels are a component of), the to whom are the consumers of messages, and the effects are found in various relationships between the primitives, including relationships, perspectives, attributions, interpretations, and the continuing evolution of languages and media. It is in this layering of interdependent social construction that this model picks up its name. Our communication is not produced within any single system, but in the intersection of several interrelated systems, each of which is self-standing necessarily described by dedicated theories, but each of which is both the product of the others and, in its own limited way, an instance of the other. The medium is, as McLuhan famously observed, a message that is inherent to every message that is created in or consumed from a medium. The medium is, to the extent that we can select among media, also a language such that the message of the medium is not only inherent to a message, but often an element of its composition. In what may be the most extreme view enabled by the processing of messages within media, the medium may also be a person and consumes messages, recreates them, and makes the modified messages available for further consumption. A medium is really none of these things. It is fund amentally a system that enables the construction of messages using a set of languages such that they can be consumed. But a medium is also both all of these things and the product of their interaction. People learn, create, and evolve media as a vehicle for enabling the creation and consumption of messages. The same might be said of each of the constituents of this model. People can be, and often are, the medium (insofar as they act as messengers), the language (insofar as different people can be selected as messengers), or the message (ones choice of messenger can be profoundly meaningful). Fundamentally a person is none of these things, but they can be used as any of these things and are the product of their experience of all of these things. Our experience of messages, languages, media, and through them, other people, is fundamental in shaping who we become and how we think of ourselves and others. We invent ourselves, and others work diligently to shape that invention, through our consumption of messages, the languages we master, and the media we use. Language can be, and often are, the message (that is inherent to every message constructed with it), the medium (but only trivially), the person (both at the level of the language instinct that is inherent to people (following Pinker, xxxxx) and a socialized semiotic overlay on personal experience), and even the language (insofar as we have a choice of what language we use in constructing a given message). Fundamentally a language is none of these things, but it can be used as any of these things and is the product of our use of media to construct messages. We use language, within media, to construct messages, such as definitions and dictionaries) that construct language. We invent and evolve language as a product of our communication. As for messages, they reiterate all of these constituents. Every message is a partial and incomplete precis of the language that it is constructed with, the medium it is created in and consumed from, and the person who created it. Every message we consume allows us to learn a little more about the language that we interpret with, the medium we create and consume messages in, and the person who created the message. Every message we create is an opportunity to change and extend the language we use, evolve the media we use, and influence the perspective that consumers of our messages have of us. Yet fundamentally, a message is simply a message, an attempt to communicate something we imagine such that another person can correctly intepret the message and thus imagine the same thing. This welter of intersecting McLuhanesque and interdependencies provides a second source of the models name. This model seeks, more than anything, to position language and media as the intermediate building blocks on which communication is built. The position of language as a building block of messages and and communication is well understood. Over a century of study in semantics, semiotics, and linguistics have produced systematic theories of message and language production which are well understood and generally accepted. The study of language is routinely incorporated into virtually all programs in the field of communication, including journalism, rhetoric and speech, film, theater, broadcast media, language arts, speech and hearing sciences telecommunications, and other variants, including departments of language and social interaction. The positioning of the study of media within the field of communication is considerably more tenuous. Many departments, including most of those na med in this paragraph, focus almost entirely on only one or two media, effectively assuming the medium such that the focus of study can be constrained to the art of message production and interpretation, with a heavy focus on the languages of the medium and little real introspection about what it means to use that medium in preference to another or the generalized ways in which all media are invented, learned, evolved, socialized, selected or used meaningfully. Such is, however, the primary subject matter of the newly emerging discipline of media ecology, and this model can be seen as an attempt to position media ecology relative to language and messages as a building block of our communication. This model was created specifically to support theories of media and position them relative to the process of communication. It is hoped that the reader finds value in that positioning 3.0 Interpersonal Communication Judging from the types of interaction in communication, communication can be distinguished in three categories: interpersonal communication, small group communication and public communication in Malaysia context. What is Interpersonal Communication: Interpersonal communication is the exchange of information among persons with at least one or the other usually between two people who can immediately know. According Devito (1989), interpersonal communication is the delivery of messages by one person and receiving a message by another person or a small group of people, with different effects and the opportunity to provide immediate feedback. Interpersonal Communication is communication between people in face to face, which allows each participant to catch other peoples reactions directly, either verbal or nonverbal. Interpersonal Communication is communication that only two people, such as husband and wife, two colleagues, two close friends, teachers, students and others. Interpersonal communication is the communication between the communicator with communicant, communication is considered the most effective type of effort to change attitudes, opinions or behavior of a person, because of its dialogic form of conversation. At the launch of communications, communicators know for sure whether positive or negative communication, successful or not. If he could give the communicant to the opportunity to ask the widest. Classification of Interpersonal Communication developed a classification of interpersonal communication to the intimate interaction, social conversation, interrogation or examination and interview. Intimate interaction, including communication between friends, family members, and those who already have a strong emotional bond. Type of face to face communication essential to the development of informal relationships within the organization. For example, two or more people together and talk about the attention, interests external to the organization as a political issue, technology and others. c) Interrogation or inspection is an interaction between a person who is in control, is requested or even demanded information from the other. For example, an employee accused of taking the goods, the organization will superiors to know the truth. d) The interview is one form of interpersonal communication in which two people engage in conversation in the form of questions and answers. For example, a boss who interviewed his subordinates to seek information about a job. 3.1 The purpose of Interpersonal Communication Interpersonal communication may have several purposes. Finding Yourself One goal of interpersonal communication was found personal or private. When we engage in interpersonal meetings with other people we learned a lot about ourselves and others. Interpersonal Communication provides an opportunity for us to talk about what we like, or about ourselves. It is very interesting and exciting when discussing feelings, thoughts, and our own behavior.   By talking about ourselves with others, we provide an incredible source of feedback on the feelings, thoughts, and our behavior. Discovering The World Outdoors Interpersonal communication only makes us to understand more about ourselves and others who communicate with us. A lot of information that we know comes from interpersonal communication, although many of the amount of information that comes to us from the mass media that is often discussed, and finally learned or discovered through interpersonal interaction. Develop and Maintain Relationships The Full Meaning One of the biggest desire is to form and maintain relationships with others. A lot of times we use in interpersonal communication to establish and maintain the permanence of social relationships with others. Changing Attitudes and Behavior Many times we use to change the attitudes and behaviors of others by interpersonal encounter. We can wish they chose a particular way, such as trying a new diet, buy a certain item, see the film, wrote the book to read, to enter certain areas and believe that something is true or false.   We have a lot of   the time period involved in the interpersonal position. To Play And Pleasure Playing covers all activities that have the main goal is to find pleasure Talking with friends about our activities during the weekend, discussing the sport, telling stories and funny stories in general it is a conversation to pass the time. With that kind of interpersonal communication can provide an important balance in mind the need relax from all the seriousness in our environment. To assist The members of the psychiatric, clinical psychologist and therapist interpersonal communication in their professional activities to direct clients. We all also work to help others in our interpersonal interactions daily. We consulted with a friend who dropped out of love, in consultation with the student on a course that should be taken and so forth. Interpersonal Communication Effectiveness Interpersonal Communication Effectiveness started with five general quality to be considered: transparency (inclusive, and accountable), empathy , the attitude of support, and equality. 3.2 Openness (inclusive, and accountable) Quality of disclosure based on at least three aspects of interpersonal communication. First, effective interpersonal communicators should be open to the people who interact . This does not mean that people should immediately open up all the history may attract, but usually does not help communication. Instead, there must be a willingness to open themselves to disclose information that is usually hidden, so long as the disclosure itself is worth. The second aspect of transparency refers to the willingness of communicators to respond honestly to the next stimulus. People who live, not critically, and no response in general is a dreary conversation participants. We want people to react publicly to what we say and we are entitled to expect this. There is nothing worse than a lack aeven much more enjoyable. We show openness to spontaneously react the way for others. The third aspect concerning the ownership feelings and thoughts. Open in this sense is acknowledged that feelings and though ts that you throw is really yours and you are responsible for it. The best way to express this responsibility is the message that using the word. 3.3 Empathy Henry Backrack (1976) defines empathy as the ability to know what is being experienced by others at a certain moment, from the viewpoint of the other person, through the eyes of other people. Sympathy, on the other is the feeling of others or go to feel grief while empathy is to feel something like a person who experienced it, is in the same boat and feel the same feeling the same way. Empathic person is able to understand the motivations and experiences of others, feelings and attitudes, as well as their hopes and wishes for the future. In nonverbal, to communicate our empathy by showing (1) active engagement with people through facial expressions and gestures are appropriate, (2) includes a centralized concentration eyes, attentive posture, and physical proximity, and (3) touch or caress the proper. The attitude of support (supportiveness) Effective interpersonal relationship is a relationship where there is the attitude of support. The formulation of a concept based on the work of Jack Gibb. Open communication and empathic cannot take place in an environment that does not support. We showed the attitude to be supported by descriptive, not evaluative, spontaneous, non-strategic, and provisional, not very confident. 3.5 Positive attitude (positiveness) We communicate a positive attitude in interpersonal communication with at least two ways: express a positive attitude, and positively encourages people to interact with our friends. A positive attitude based on at least two aspects of interpersonal communication. First, interpersonal communication, if someone has developed a positive attitude toward themselves. Second, positive feelings to the situation of communication in general is very important for effective interaction. Nothing is more fun than to communicate with people who do not enjoy the interaction or does not react favorably to the situation or environment interactions. 4.0 Small Group Communication Small groups can as any collection of individuals who touch each other for a particular purpose and have a degree of organization among them. Most researchers define a small group should be composed of at least three members and no more than twelve or fifteen members. If a member of a group that fewer than 3,easy to apply and when a member of more than 12 people were the group will have trouble. In small groups, each group member must be free to interact and be open to all members of the group. Each team member must have a purpose or a common goal and they should work together to achieve that goal. 4.1 Culture The word culture is the result of combining the words Budhi and power. The word Budhi is borrowed from the Sanskrit language mediators fitness of mind and intellect, while the power is a Malay word meaning Polynesia authorized strength, power and influence. When combined the word culture is to mean power of mind, spirit or energy of moving the soul. Culture as a way of life which is made by people who are members of certain groups and include elements of social systems, organizational structures of economic, political, religious, beliefs, customs, attitudes, values, cultural tools such as those generated by community members. Generally speaking, culture is a way of life practiced by an individual or group of individuals (society). It includes various tools that are created and used, ways of thinking and beliefs passed down from generation to generation. Culture does not only refer to the heritage, ethnicity or race, but it is also determined by age, gender, age, lifestyle and economi c status. The Group is the first time in life as we join the family system, a group of friends at school, or maybe our neighbors. Most times this group provides the communication needs for affiliation (affiliation), authentication (Affirmation) and affection (affection). 4.3 Working Group This type of group on a more formal and the rewards will be received as a result of completion of a task. The group we got and learn the values and norms of behavior we are.   It a standard (standard) for us to compare ourselves. In other words, we assess our successes and failures based on results given by all members of the reference group. Reference group may be primary or secondry. Group that is accompanied by an individual. However, her participation intended to be the benchmark. Participation is simply alone. For example, individual in uniform units sometimes just to meet alone. 4.4 Gender Gender aspects are important elements in determining the value, actions and way of life. In many communities, members are given certain privileges and recognition based on gender. Thus, gender becomes a key determinant of the tasks and roles assigned. For example, in Malay society, men are given priority to be a leader or leaders, especially in families and small groups. In a small group of men usually like to dominate the group and its members, but the problems that exist in small groups are often created by men. 4.5 Practice The practice or habit is the basis of the so-called tradition. It refers to the procedure to do something that is followed by every member of the group concerned and for generations. For example, in each of the ethnic cultural groups, there are certain procedures (traditional) to celebrate births, marriages and deaths. Every human community to impose rules (taboos) to control the behavior of certain members. Taboo is actually a manifestation of what is important for each group. 5.0 Public Communication Communication is a complex process of exchanging messages through words, symbols, expressions and body language. Public communication involves the sending and receiving of messages on a large scale to and from the general public. Public communication includes mass media, public relations and public speaking, but can include any form of sending a message to a large group of people. Effective public communication is a skill that is learned and perfected over time.   Public communication is the sending and receiving of messages on a large scale that impacts groups of people. For the communication to be considered effective, the messages must be clearly and accurately sent and received with full comprehension. 5.1 Purpose The purpose of effective public communication differs based on the intention of the message. For example, a public relations representative might use mass media to repair a companys public image after an alleged scandal breaks out. In this situation, effective public communication is intended to inform the public. On the other hand, a billboards intention is to entice an audience to buy a product or service. Effective public communication is used to inform, educate, persuade and inspire the audience. 5.2 Types Effective public communication can manifest itself in different ways. Public speaking in any form is considered public communication. This can be a school assembly, a business meeting or a presidential speech at TV, radio, newspaper or any other mass-produced medium, is another type of effective public communication. 5.3 Results The result of effective public communication is the successful delivery of a message to a large group of people where each individual is impacted and moved to take action. Effective public communication is able to relate to the individual needs of the listeners while speaking to the masses. Effective public communication causes listeners to respond to the public communications message. 5.4 Considerations Effective public communication must refrain from biased words, philosophies and ideologies. For example, when the president is making a speech, his words and thoughts need to be portrayed in a universal way so that one group does not feel isolated or left out. Effective public communication keeps statements generic and neutral to gender, race and religious beliefs. 6.0 Conclusion My conclusion for Oral Communication in English: Forms, Functions, and Strategies in the Malaysian Context in short, the transmissive model is of little direct value to social science research into human communication, and its endurance in popular discussion is a real liability. Its reductive influence has implications not only for the commonsense understanding of communication in general, but also for specific forms of communication such as speaking and listening, writing and reading, watching television and so on. In education, it represents a similarly transmissive model of teaching and learning. And in perception in general, it reflects the naive realist notion that meanings exist in the world awaiting only decoding by the passive spectator. In all these contexts, such a model underestimates the creativity of the act of interpretation. Alternatives to transmissive models of communication are normally described as constructivist: such perspectives acknowledge that meanings are act ively constructed by both initiators and interpreters rather than simply transmitted. However, you will find no single, widely-accepted constructivist model of communication in a form like that of Shannon and Weavers block diagram. This is partly because those who approach communication from the constructivist perspective often reject the very idea of attempting to produce a formal model of communication. Where such models are offered, they stress the centrality of the act of making meaning and the importance of the socio-cultural context.